An Analysis of the Validity of the Three-Mile Run as a Field Test of Aerobic Capacity in College Males     

Allen Jackson EdD    Roland Schick   《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):233-237

Abstract

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the concurrent and construct validity of the three-mile (4.83 km) run as afield test of aerobic capacity. Subjects included 109 college-aged males whose three-mile run time (M = 1310.31 ± 184.48 s) was measured. Fifty of the subjects were given a maximal treadmill stress test, and their peak oxygen consumption (VO₂peak) (M = 54.23 ± 7.08 ml.kg^?1.min^?1) was measured. The three-mile run was conducted on an outdoor 0.25 mile (0.425 km) track, and split tunes were recorded each 110 yds (100.32 m) for the first and last laps and total time was recorded for laps 2 through 11. The correlation coefficient between the run time and VO₂peak was -.58, indicating only moderate concurrent validity for the run as afield test for aerobic capacity. A factor analysis conducted on the split time data revealed a three-factor structure of a stable pace phase, an initial sprint, and a final sprint with the stable pace factor accounting for most of the common factor variance (69%). The three-mile run time was used to discriminate successfully between two known groups of subjects in aerobic capacity. These data provide a degree of support for the construct validity of the three-mile run as afield test of aerobic capacity.  相似文献   

Effect of Optimized and Standard Cycle Ergometry on VO2max in Trained Cyclists and Runners     

Jonathan C. Beasley  Sharon A. Plowman  Bo Fernhall 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):373-378

Abstract

This study contrasted prepractice modeling with either the perceptual component (perceptual modeling) or the motor component (movement pattern) of a coincident-timing task to determine whether experiencing the modalities singly or in combination enhanced timing performance on initiation of active practice. The motor component was a 60-cm right-to-left arm movement coincident with the illumination of lights on a Bassin timer runway to displace a barrier as the final runway light was illuminated. Four groups were compared (n = 12 per group). A perceptual modeling group passively viewed stimulus runway lights prior to attempting the task. A motoric modeling group viewed a videotape prior to practice of a model performing the motor component of the skill with zero timing error. A perceptual modeling plus motoric modeling group experienced both modeling modalities prior to performance. Finally, a no modeling group simply initiated practice on the task without modeling. Results indicated that the groups experiencing perceptual modeling initiated practice with significantly less average timing error and variability. Thus, perceptual modeling appeared to be at least as important as motoric modeling as a source of prepractice information to make available to a learner to optimize coincident-timing skill acquisition.  相似文献   

Comparison of different theoretical models estimating peak power output and maximal oxygen uptake in trained and elite triathletes and endurance cyclists in the velodrome     

Carlos González-Haro  Pedro A. Galilea  Jesús F. Escanero 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(6):591-601

Abstract

The primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between heart rate intensity and pedometer step counts in adolescents. To determine cardiorespiratory fitness, 106 participants (47 boys, 59 girls, mean age 14.2 years, s = 0.8) completed the Queen's College Step Test and were classified as having low, moderate or high cardiorespiratory fitness. Adolescents also completed a 10-min treadmill trial while wearing a pedometer and heart rate monitor. The participants were instructed to maintain their heart rate between 65 and 75% of their maximum heart rate while running or walking on a treadmill. A heart rate of 65–75% maximum was associated with 146 steps per minute (s = 22) in boys and 137 steps per minute (s = 22) in girls. Results of analysis of variance indicated that there was a main effect for level of fitness (F _2,102 = 9.36, P < 0.001). The correlation between mean steps per minute and estimated maximum oxygen consumption was statistically significant (r = 0.44, P < 0.001). The results from this study suggest that a step rate of 130 steps per minute is equal to 65–75% maximum heart rate in low-fit adolescents and achieving 130 steps per minute could be used as an initial goal to improve fitness.  相似文献   

Heart rate prescribed walking training improves cardiorespiratory fitness but not glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes     

Richard D. Morton  Daniel J. West  Jeffrey W. Stephens  Stephen C. Bain  Richard M. Bracken 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(1):93-99

Abstract

In this study, we examined the effects of a supervised, heart rate intensity prescribed walking training programme on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. After receiving local ethics approval, 27 individuals (21 males, 6 females) with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to an experimental (“walking”) or control group. Participants completed a Balke-Ware test to determine peak heart rate, peak oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O_2peak), and peak gradient. The walking group then completed a 7-week (four sessions a week) supervised, heart rate prescribed walking training programme, whereas the control group continued daily life. After training, participants completed another Balke-Ware test. Fasting blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin were measured at rest. The results showed that walking training elicited 80% (s = 2) of peak heart rate and a rating of perceived exertion of 11 (s = 1). Peak heart rate and [Vdot]O_2peak were higher in the walking than in the control group after training (P < 0.05). Based on the peak gradient before training, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.05) and there was a strong trend for [Vdot]O₂ (P = 0.09) and heart rate (P = 0.09) to be lower after training at the same gradient in the walking compared with the control group. These improvements increased walking peak gradient by 5 min (s = 4 min) compared with the control (P < 0.05). There was no change in fasting blood glucose or glycosylated haemoglobin after training. Despite no change in glycaemic control, heart rate prescribed walking improved peak and sub-maximal cardiorespiratory responses. The beneficial adaptations support the use of heart rate monitoring during walking in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.  相似文献   

Effect of Toe Clips during Bicycle Ergometry on [Vdot]O2 max     

Roger S. Moffat  Phillip B. Sparling 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):54-57

Abstract

Previous investigators have yielded conflicting results in testing the hypothesis that the use of toe clips during bicycle ergometry produces a higher maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O ₂ max) than testing without toe clips. Eight men, four competitive cyclists and four competitive distance runners volunteered to participate in three randomized [Vdot]O ₂ max tests: 1) a treadmill running lest, 2) a bicycle ergometer test using standard toe clips, and 3) a test on the same ergometer without toe clips. The highest mean [Vdot]O ₂ max was observed in the treadmill condition as expected. However, no statistically significant difference in mean [Vdot]O ₂ max or performance time was observed between the toe-clip and no toe-clip conditions. Based on these results, the research hypothesis was rejected and no favorable physiological effect may be attributed to the use of toe clips.  相似文献   

Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Cardiorespiratory Endurance in Men and Women     

N. K. Butts  D. Crowell 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):301-305

Abstract

The effect of caffeine ingestion on submaximal endurance performance of 15 females and 13 males was investigated. After completing a [Vdot]O ₂ max test, each subject performed two submaximal cycling tests at approximately 75% of [Vdot]O ₂ max to exhaustion. For the caffeine (C) trials, 300 mg of caffeine was added to 250 ml of decaffeinated coffee and ingested one hour prior to the exercise. The decaffeinated (D) trial involved consuming 250 ml of decaffeinated coffee an hour prior to the test. The C and D trials were administered randomly using a standard double blind design. Physiological parameters were monitored each 9, 10, and 11 minute intervals throughout each trial and averaged. As expected the [Vdot]O ₂ (L · min ^?1 ), [Vdot]E and work outputs (kgm) were significantly (p < 0.001) higher for the males than the females. All other variables, time to exhaustion, [Vdot]O ₂ (ml · kg · min ^?1 ), R, HR, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were not significantly (p > 0.05) different between the sexes for either the C or D trials. Time to exhaustion was 14.4 and 3.1% longer for the C trials for the females and males, respectively, however these increases were not significant (p > 0.05). Furthermore, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) for any of the measured variables during successive 10 minute work intervals between the C and D trials for either sex. These results do not support the general use of caffeine in moderate amounts as an ergogenic aid for either males or females, but from a practical point it appears that caffeine may have an ergogenic effect on specific individuals.  相似文献   

Alterations in Strength and Maximal Oxygen Uptake Consequent to Nautilus Circuit Weight Training     

Stephen P. Messier  Mary Elizabeth Dill 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):345-351

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a Nautilus circuit weight training program on muscular strength and maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O ₂ max) by comparing these effects to those produced by adhering to either a free weight (FW) strength training program or a running (R) program. Male college students who voluntarily enrolled in either a FW training class (n = 11), a Nautilus (N) circuit weight training class (n= 12), or a R conditioning class (n= 13) were subjects for this investigation. All groups participated in their respective programs 3 days per week for 10 weeks. Strength was assessed using a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer set at an angular velocity of 60° · s ^?1 and a damping of 2. The FW group served as the control group for the assessment of [Vdot]O ₂ max changes, while the R group served as controls for the assessment of strength differences. ANCOVA revealed that the N and R groups experienced significant (p < .01) increases in [Vdot]O ₂ max expressed in L · min ^?1 (10.9 and 11.4%), ml · kg ^?1 · min ^?1 (10.8 and 11.7%), and ml · kgLBW ^?1 · min ^?1 (7.1 and 7.5%) when compared to the FW group. There were no significant differences between the N and R groups. There were no significant differences among groups in final peak torque values (after covariance), and torque at the beginning and end of the range of motion for the knee extensors, knee flexors, elbow extensors, and elbow flexors. In general, isokinetic strength values elicited by the N group compared favorably to those generated by the FW group. It was concluded that for a training period of short duration, Nautilus circuit weight training appears to be an equally effective alternative to standard free weight (strength) and aerobic (endurance) training programs for untrained individuals.  相似文献   

Validity of Palpation Recovery Pulse Rate to Estimate Exercise Heart Rate Following Four Intensities of Bench Step Exercise     

Nancy L. Greer  Frank I. Katch 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):340-343

Abstract

Previous investigations regarding activity during the post-knowledge of results (KR) interval have considered the performance of interference groups over KR-supplied acquisition trials as indicative of effects upon learning. The absence of transfer tests in these studies, however, preclude such an assumption. Indeed, the use of a retention test in the present investigation (no-KR trials following an interpolated phase) provided evidence suggesting that, while activity during the post-KR interval is detrimental to performance, no such assumption can be made regarding this effect upon learning. These findings are discussed relative to recent arguments that some of the commonly accepted “Laws of KR” may be contradictory when applied simultaneously to motor learning and performance.  相似文献   

Physical Performance Tests in Job Selection a Model for Empirical Validation     

Richard A. Washburn  Margaret J. Safrit 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):267-270

Abstract

The aim of this study was to establish the net energy cost of dribbling a soccer ball. Eight male footballers ran for 5 min on a treadmill at speeds of 9, 10.5, 12 and 13.5km ·h ^–1 while dribbling a football against a rebound box; running at each of these speeds without the ball constituted controls. Oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O ₂ ), perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate levels were measured and compared between the two conditions. The energy expended increased linearly with speed for both exercise modes, the mean increment of 1.24 kcal·min ^–1 caused by dribbling being independent of the speed of motion. Individual differences in efficiency of dribbling could not be explained by considering different patterns of stride characteristics. Similarly, RPE showed a constant elevation for dribbling over running at each speed, and a linear increase with speed of motion for both modes. Blood lactate increased disproportionately with speed for dribbling, onset of metabolic acidosis being attained at a lower speed for the experimental task. It was concluded that dribbling a ball does significantly increase the energy cost and perceived exertion of motion, as well as inducing disproportionate rises in blood lactate when performed at high speeds.  相似文献   

中国式“不差钱”与中国式“钱荒”之悖论   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨健 《中国科学院院刊》2013,(6):781-786

最近中国式"钱荒"和前期中国式"不差钱"形成了强烈反差,并引发了全世界的关注。文章分析了对于"钱荒"目前盛行的5种假说:国际阴谋说、季节波动说、央行自制说、影子银行说和地方债务说,并从效度、信度和认知度3个维度对各种诱因进行测度评估,然后分析了中国与西方政治体制和财政体制的不同,预测了各种调控手段对未来中国经济可能造成的影响,最后得出央行应借机降低存款准备金率的建议!  相似文献